Is bread bad for ducks?












59















This image has being going around (e.g. Facebook with a message attributed to The Friends of Bushy and Home Parks:



https://i.imgur.com/vgGBNDi.jpg



Transcript:




Please don't kill us with bread!



Bread is actually a danger to us ducks and other water birds



It causes Angel Wing which can make our feathers grow too quickly. This strains our muscles and can stop us flying.



Our friends the swans develop fatal gut and heart disease



Bread is bad for our water environment. It rots, and pollutes the water.



Allows bacteria to grow and encourages rats. It causes algal bloom which gets into our lungs and kill us birds.



If you want to feed us we like lettuce, peas and sweetcorn




The image claims that bread is bad for ducks and swans, and that you should feed them lettuce, peas and sweetcorn instead. Is there any truth to this and are there any reliable sources?










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  • 1





    I grew up near a lake that eventually implemented the rule "do not feed the ducks bread" because everyone used to feed them bread. It was never an issue of duck health though. The issue was that people would feed the ducks close to the beach. This led to ducks hanging around near there, and lots of duck poop. Normally, the thought of duck poop is probably enough reason to avoid doing it near the lake. The bigger issue this lead to was actually "swimmers itch" though. Basically, I've always heard "don't feed ducks bread"; but for the sake of water quality, not duck health.

    – JMac
    8 hours ago
















59















This image has being going around (e.g. Facebook with a message attributed to The Friends of Bushy and Home Parks:



https://i.imgur.com/vgGBNDi.jpg



Transcript:




Please don't kill us with bread!



Bread is actually a danger to us ducks and other water birds



It causes Angel Wing which can make our feathers grow too quickly. This strains our muscles and can stop us flying.



Our friends the swans develop fatal gut and heart disease



Bread is bad for our water environment. It rots, and pollutes the water.



Allows bacteria to grow and encourages rats. It causes algal bloom which gets into our lungs and kill us birds.



If you want to feed us we like lettuce, peas and sweetcorn




The image claims that bread is bad for ducks and swans, and that you should feed them lettuce, peas and sweetcorn instead. Is there any truth to this and are there any reliable sources?










share|improve this question









New contributor




user48565 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.
















  • 1





    I grew up near a lake that eventually implemented the rule "do not feed the ducks bread" because everyone used to feed them bread. It was never an issue of duck health though. The issue was that people would feed the ducks close to the beach. This led to ducks hanging around near there, and lots of duck poop. Normally, the thought of duck poop is probably enough reason to avoid doing it near the lake. The bigger issue this lead to was actually "swimmers itch" though. Basically, I've always heard "don't feed ducks bread"; but for the sake of water quality, not duck health.

    – JMac
    8 hours ago














59












59








59


2






This image has being going around (e.g. Facebook with a message attributed to The Friends of Bushy and Home Parks:



https://i.imgur.com/vgGBNDi.jpg



Transcript:




Please don't kill us with bread!



Bread is actually a danger to us ducks and other water birds



It causes Angel Wing which can make our feathers grow too quickly. This strains our muscles and can stop us flying.



Our friends the swans develop fatal gut and heart disease



Bread is bad for our water environment. It rots, and pollutes the water.



Allows bacteria to grow and encourages rats. It causes algal bloom which gets into our lungs and kill us birds.



If you want to feed us we like lettuce, peas and sweetcorn




The image claims that bread is bad for ducks and swans, and that you should feed them lettuce, peas and sweetcorn instead. Is there any truth to this and are there any reliable sources?










share|improve this question









New contributor




user48565 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.












This image has being going around (e.g. Facebook with a message attributed to The Friends of Bushy and Home Parks:



https://i.imgur.com/vgGBNDi.jpg



Transcript:




Please don't kill us with bread!



Bread is actually a danger to us ducks and other water birds



It causes Angel Wing which can make our feathers grow too quickly. This strains our muscles and can stop us flying.



Our friends the swans develop fatal gut and heart disease



Bread is bad for our water environment. It rots, and pollutes the water.



Allows bacteria to grow and encourages rats. It causes algal bloom which gets into our lungs and kill us birds.



If you want to feed us we like lettuce, peas and sweetcorn




The image claims that bread is bad for ducks and swans, and that you should feed them lettuce, peas and sweetcorn instead. Is there any truth to this and are there any reliable sources?







nutrition zoology






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edited 2 hours ago









Oddthinking

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  • 1





    I grew up near a lake that eventually implemented the rule "do not feed the ducks bread" because everyone used to feed them bread. It was never an issue of duck health though. The issue was that people would feed the ducks close to the beach. This led to ducks hanging around near there, and lots of duck poop. Normally, the thought of duck poop is probably enough reason to avoid doing it near the lake. The bigger issue this lead to was actually "swimmers itch" though. Basically, I've always heard "don't feed ducks bread"; but for the sake of water quality, not duck health.

    – JMac
    8 hours ago














  • 1





    I grew up near a lake that eventually implemented the rule "do not feed the ducks bread" because everyone used to feed them bread. It was never an issue of duck health though. The issue was that people would feed the ducks close to the beach. This led to ducks hanging around near there, and lots of duck poop. Normally, the thought of duck poop is probably enough reason to avoid doing it near the lake. The bigger issue this lead to was actually "swimmers itch" though. Basically, I've always heard "don't feed ducks bread"; but for the sake of water quality, not duck health.

    – JMac
    8 hours ago








1




1





I grew up near a lake that eventually implemented the rule "do not feed the ducks bread" because everyone used to feed them bread. It was never an issue of duck health though. The issue was that people would feed the ducks close to the beach. This led to ducks hanging around near there, and lots of duck poop. Normally, the thought of duck poop is probably enough reason to avoid doing it near the lake. The bigger issue this lead to was actually "swimmers itch" though. Basically, I've always heard "don't feed ducks bread"; but for the sake of water quality, not duck health.

– JMac
8 hours ago





I grew up near a lake that eventually implemented the rule "do not feed the ducks bread" because everyone used to feed them bread. It was never an issue of duck health though. The issue was that people would feed the ducks close to the beach. This led to ducks hanging around near there, and lots of duck poop. Normally, the thought of duck poop is probably enough reason to avoid doing it near the lake. The bigger issue this lead to was actually "swimmers itch" though. Basically, I've always heard "don't feed ducks bread"; but for the sake of water quality, not duck health.

– JMac
8 hours ago










3 Answers
3






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66














I can't comment specifically on ducks, but I will quote the Official Statement on Bread from the Queen's Swan Marker (who has responsibility for swans in the UK):




There has been a great deal of press coverage in recent months regarding the ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign which is confusing many members of the public who like to feed swans. Supporters of the campaign claim that bread should not be fed to swans on the grounds that it is bad for them. This is not correct. Swans have been fed bread for many hundreds of years without causing any ill effects. While bread may not be the best dietary option for swans compared to their natural food such as river weed, it has become a very important source of energy for them, supplementing their natural diet and helping them to survive the cold winter months when vegetation is very scarce.



There is no good reason not to feed bread to swans, provided it is not mouldy. Most households have surplus bread and children have always enjoyed feeding swans with their parents. The ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign is already having a deleterious impact upon the swan population; I am receiving reports of underweight cygnets and adult birds, and a number of swans from large flocks have begun to wander into roads in search of food. This poses the further risk of swans being hit by vehicles. Malnutrition also increases their vulnerability to fatal diseases like avian-flu which has caused the deaths of many mute swans and other waterfowl in the past.



Furthermore, there have been statements made in the media claiming that feeding bread causes angel-wing in swans. Angel-wing is a condition where a cygnet develops a deformed wing. Professor Christopher Perrins, LVO, FRS of the Department of Zoology at Oxford University stated, ‘There is no evidence of a connection between feeding bread and angel-wing; at least some cygnets develop this condition without ever having seen any bread’.



I therefore encourage members of the public to continue feeding swans to help improve their chances of survival, especially through the winter.




See: http://www.theswansanctuary.org.uk/cause/official-statement-bread-queens-swan-marker/



Which I would consider fairly conclusive in the advice to absolutely avoid bread being incorrect. It seems likely that there are better things to feed the birds than bread (it is easy to buy special bird food, which my wife does), but that is not the same as saying that bread is bad.






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  • 3





    This answer (not yours - the original quote) seems to miss out on the bigger ecological impact of feeding swans. More waterfowl = more strain on decomposers, etc in order to keep the environment healthy. Feeding swans lead to negative impacts down the line, as there are now more swans occupying space, pooping, nesting, etc.

    – Adonalsium
    8 hours ago






  • 20





    @Adonalsium That aspect is not related to OP's question which is only concerned about the health effects on swans. Population control is a separate issue from such health concerns. If that was the compaign's goal it would advertise giving bread given their claim that this actually hurts the swan population and should thus help reduce it...

    – Frank Hopkins
    5 hours ago



















34














To address the feeding of ducks:



Ducks Unlimited Canada has this to say:




I’VE HEARD THAT FEEDING DUCKS BREAD IS BAD. WHAT SHOULD I FEED THEM?



DUC does not recommend feeding ducks. It increases the chances of
negative human/wildlife encounters and can make them dependent on
people for food.




The Canadian Wildlife Federation has a similar suggestion:




Can I feed ducks bread?



The short answer to this is no.



Ducks naturally eat a nutrient-rich diet that may consist of insect
larvae and other aquatic invertebrates, small fishes, amphibians, as
well as seeds and aquatic plants. Bread and similar products such as
chips, donuts, popcorn and crackers provide very little nutritional
value.



Ducks that are regularly fed bread can become malnourished, aggressive
towards one another, may lose their foraging instincts and can lose
their natural fear of people.



Also, bread that isn’t eaten can result in nutrient build-up and
increased algae growth.



Feeding wild ducks is a practice CWF does not encourage. They may look
cute, and a bit of bread might get them flocking towards you, but
feeding them is doing more harm than good.




So, at least over on this side of the pond, the experts seem to be recommending that humans don't feed anything at all to ducks.






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  • 21





    I am not sure this is a good answer to the OP's question. Some of this answer also applies to lettuce, peas and sweetcorn which the ad is encouraging in place of bread.

    – James Jenkins
    10 hours ago






  • 21





    Keep in mind that this isn't the claim on the question. There, there is a claim that bread actively causes diseases on the birds. Your answer doesn't adress that at all.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago






  • 2





    @T.Sar this is more a fault of the question to rely too much on the image and fail to delimit the claim properly. We should go there and request OP to make an edit.

    – Mindwin
    9 hours ago






  • 4





    @Mindwin I don't see that way. There is an image that says X. OP asks if what is said in the image is true. This answer doesn't address the image at all.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago








  • 3





    @Mindwin The image is hosted by the stacks's exchange imgur. It is emmbedded on this site, not floating randomly on the internet.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago



















22














tl;dr- I haven't been able to actual evidence of the claim that consuming bread causes angel wing in ducks, and an expert claims that there isn't any.





Apparently the main claim against feeding ducks bread is that it gives them angel wing. However, I'm not immediately finding any evidence for this on Google; most results appear to be unreferenced political advocacy.



A few sources seem to suggest that this claim came from "Geese Peace". Google turned up this from their website:




No feeding Program



Recreational feeding of Canada geese at GeesePeace program sites should not be permitted.




  • When geese are fed they approach people who may be afraid of them.


  • Feeding goslings may cause “angel wing” which is a deformity of the wing caused by rapid growth of feathers as result of a high protein diet (bread, corn)


  • Feeding geese causes the geese to congregate in the feeding area which then increases the geese nuisance level in that area and causes geese to become aggressive as they fight over the food.


  • Feeding bread, corn or other “treats” may keep them from going on a molt migration.



–"No Feeding Program", Geese Peace




However, as with other sources, I'm not seeing any references to a study to back up this claim – it's just stated as though it were established fact.



Chris Perrins, who seems to be an expert on the topic (and has been dubbed "Warden of the Swans"), claimed that there isn't any evidence:




Zoology professor Christopher Perrins said there was no evidence of a connection between bread and angel-wing, and some cygnets developed the condition ‘without ever having seen any bread’.



–"Swan rescuer says bread warning is 'fake news'" (2019-04-09)




Likewise, a recent blog post (2018-12-19) claims that there's no study or paper to be found:




Whilst doing a bit of research around this contentious topic, it became quickly apparent that there is no study or paper to find, which conclusively proves that feeding bread to waterfowl is the sole cause for the development of angel wing deformities. Despite this fact, most wildlife and waterfowl experts seem to agree that the overwhelming cause of angel wing is an unhealthily high protein and / or carbohydrate based diet. Unsurprisingly, it was not difficult to find plenty of advice and warnings suggesting not to feed bread to birds, and in particular not to waterfowl. However, with all the advice being provided, no scientific references were given, which would certainly help to clarify and understand the situation.



–"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




They do their own analysis (with references), and conclude:




So What Is The Conclusion?



There is no definite answer or absolute truth. As with any diet, it is important to feed a balanced diet and to feed in a responsible way. This means that neither bread, swan pellets or any other high energy food like chicken crumbs should be exclusively fed to waterfowl, in particular not during their first four weeks of life. However, it also means that bread and swan pellets can form part of a balanced diet, when fed responsibly, in addition to wheat, cereals, grains, leafy greens and dried grass. Birds should always only be fed on the water and only small amounts should be given to make sure that all food has been eaten before giving more. Mouldy food should never be given.



–"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




So:




  1. I'm having trouble finding any scientific resources that back up this claim.


  2. Claimants don't seem to be providing their own references.


  3. An expert claims that there isn't any evidence.



It's hard to guess where this claim may've originally come from, but it doesn't seem to be backed up by a scientific study.






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    3 Answers
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    3 Answers
    3






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    active

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    66














    I can't comment specifically on ducks, but I will quote the Official Statement on Bread from the Queen's Swan Marker (who has responsibility for swans in the UK):




    There has been a great deal of press coverage in recent months regarding the ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign which is confusing many members of the public who like to feed swans. Supporters of the campaign claim that bread should not be fed to swans on the grounds that it is bad for them. This is not correct. Swans have been fed bread for many hundreds of years without causing any ill effects. While bread may not be the best dietary option for swans compared to their natural food such as river weed, it has become a very important source of energy for them, supplementing their natural diet and helping them to survive the cold winter months when vegetation is very scarce.



    There is no good reason not to feed bread to swans, provided it is not mouldy. Most households have surplus bread and children have always enjoyed feeding swans with their parents. The ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign is already having a deleterious impact upon the swan population; I am receiving reports of underweight cygnets and adult birds, and a number of swans from large flocks have begun to wander into roads in search of food. This poses the further risk of swans being hit by vehicles. Malnutrition also increases their vulnerability to fatal diseases like avian-flu which has caused the deaths of many mute swans and other waterfowl in the past.



    Furthermore, there have been statements made in the media claiming that feeding bread causes angel-wing in swans. Angel-wing is a condition where a cygnet develops a deformed wing. Professor Christopher Perrins, LVO, FRS of the Department of Zoology at Oxford University stated, ‘There is no evidence of a connection between feeding bread and angel-wing; at least some cygnets develop this condition without ever having seen any bread’.



    I therefore encourage members of the public to continue feeding swans to help improve their chances of survival, especially through the winter.




    See: http://www.theswansanctuary.org.uk/cause/official-statement-bread-queens-swan-marker/



    Which I would consider fairly conclusive in the advice to absolutely avoid bread being incorrect. It seems likely that there are better things to feed the birds than bread (it is easy to buy special bird food, which my wife does), but that is not the same as saying that bread is bad.






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    • 3





      This answer (not yours - the original quote) seems to miss out on the bigger ecological impact of feeding swans. More waterfowl = more strain on decomposers, etc in order to keep the environment healthy. Feeding swans lead to negative impacts down the line, as there are now more swans occupying space, pooping, nesting, etc.

      – Adonalsium
      8 hours ago






    • 20





      @Adonalsium That aspect is not related to OP's question which is only concerned about the health effects on swans. Population control is a separate issue from such health concerns. If that was the compaign's goal it would advertise giving bread given their claim that this actually hurts the swan population and should thus help reduce it...

      – Frank Hopkins
      5 hours ago
















    66














    I can't comment specifically on ducks, but I will quote the Official Statement on Bread from the Queen's Swan Marker (who has responsibility for swans in the UK):




    There has been a great deal of press coverage in recent months regarding the ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign which is confusing many members of the public who like to feed swans. Supporters of the campaign claim that bread should not be fed to swans on the grounds that it is bad for them. This is not correct. Swans have been fed bread for many hundreds of years without causing any ill effects. While bread may not be the best dietary option for swans compared to their natural food such as river weed, it has become a very important source of energy for them, supplementing their natural diet and helping them to survive the cold winter months when vegetation is very scarce.



    There is no good reason not to feed bread to swans, provided it is not mouldy. Most households have surplus bread and children have always enjoyed feeding swans with their parents. The ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign is already having a deleterious impact upon the swan population; I am receiving reports of underweight cygnets and adult birds, and a number of swans from large flocks have begun to wander into roads in search of food. This poses the further risk of swans being hit by vehicles. Malnutrition also increases their vulnerability to fatal diseases like avian-flu which has caused the deaths of many mute swans and other waterfowl in the past.



    Furthermore, there have been statements made in the media claiming that feeding bread causes angel-wing in swans. Angel-wing is a condition where a cygnet develops a deformed wing. Professor Christopher Perrins, LVO, FRS of the Department of Zoology at Oxford University stated, ‘There is no evidence of a connection between feeding bread and angel-wing; at least some cygnets develop this condition without ever having seen any bread’.



    I therefore encourage members of the public to continue feeding swans to help improve their chances of survival, especially through the winter.




    See: http://www.theswansanctuary.org.uk/cause/official-statement-bread-queens-swan-marker/



    Which I would consider fairly conclusive in the advice to absolutely avoid bread being incorrect. It seems likely that there are better things to feed the birds than bread (it is easy to buy special bird food, which my wife does), but that is not the same as saying that bread is bad.






    share|improve this answer










    New contributor




    ssmart is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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    • 3





      This answer (not yours - the original quote) seems to miss out on the bigger ecological impact of feeding swans. More waterfowl = more strain on decomposers, etc in order to keep the environment healthy. Feeding swans lead to negative impacts down the line, as there are now more swans occupying space, pooping, nesting, etc.

      – Adonalsium
      8 hours ago






    • 20





      @Adonalsium That aspect is not related to OP's question which is only concerned about the health effects on swans. Population control is a separate issue from such health concerns. If that was the compaign's goal it would advertise giving bread given their claim that this actually hurts the swan population and should thus help reduce it...

      – Frank Hopkins
      5 hours ago














    66












    66








    66







    I can't comment specifically on ducks, but I will quote the Official Statement on Bread from the Queen's Swan Marker (who has responsibility for swans in the UK):




    There has been a great deal of press coverage in recent months regarding the ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign which is confusing many members of the public who like to feed swans. Supporters of the campaign claim that bread should not be fed to swans on the grounds that it is bad for them. This is not correct. Swans have been fed bread for many hundreds of years without causing any ill effects. While bread may not be the best dietary option for swans compared to their natural food such as river weed, it has become a very important source of energy for them, supplementing their natural diet and helping them to survive the cold winter months when vegetation is very scarce.



    There is no good reason not to feed bread to swans, provided it is not mouldy. Most households have surplus bread and children have always enjoyed feeding swans with their parents. The ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign is already having a deleterious impact upon the swan population; I am receiving reports of underweight cygnets and adult birds, and a number of swans from large flocks have begun to wander into roads in search of food. This poses the further risk of swans being hit by vehicles. Malnutrition also increases their vulnerability to fatal diseases like avian-flu which has caused the deaths of many mute swans and other waterfowl in the past.



    Furthermore, there have been statements made in the media claiming that feeding bread causes angel-wing in swans. Angel-wing is a condition where a cygnet develops a deformed wing. Professor Christopher Perrins, LVO, FRS of the Department of Zoology at Oxford University stated, ‘There is no evidence of a connection between feeding bread and angel-wing; at least some cygnets develop this condition without ever having seen any bread’.



    I therefore encourage members of the public to continue feeding swans to help improve their chances of survival, especially through the winter.




    See: http://www.theswansanctuary.org.uk/cause/official-statement-bread-queens-swan-marker/



    Which I would consider fairly conclusive in the advice to absolutely avoid bread being incorrect. It seems likely that there are better things to feed the birds than bread (it is easy to buy special bird food, which my wife does), but that is not the same as saying that bread is bad.






    share|improve this answer










    New contributor




    ssmart is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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    I can't comment specifically on ducks, but I will quote the Official Statement on Bread from the Queen's Swan Marker (who has responsibility for swans in the UK):




    There has been a great deal of press coverage in recent months regarding the ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign which is confusing many members of the public who like to feed swans. Supporters of the campaign claim that bread should not be fed to swans on the grounds that it is bad for them. This is not correct. Swans have been fed bread for many hundreds of years without causing any ill effects. While bread may not be the best dietary option for swans compared to their natural food such as river weed, it has become a very important source of energy for them, supplementing their natural diet and helping them to survive the cold winter months when vegetation is very scarce.



    There is no good reason not to feed bread to swans, provided it is not mouldy. Most households have surplus bread and children have always enjoyed feeding swans with their parents. The ‘Ban the Bread’ campaign is already having a deleterious impact upon the swan population; I am receiving reports of underweight cygnets and adult birds, and a number of swans from large flocks have begun to wander into roads in search of food. This poses the further risk of swans being hit by vehicles. Malnutrition also increases their vulnerability to fatal diseases like avian-flu which has caused the deaths of many mute swans and other waterfowl in the past.



    Furthermore, there have been statements made in the media claiming that feeding bread causes angel-wing in swans. Angel-wing is a condition where a cygnet develops a deformed wing. Professor Christopher Perrins, LVO, FRS of the Department of Zoology at Oxford University stated, ‘There is no evidence of a connection between feeding bread and angel-wing; at least some cygnets develop this condition without ever having seen any bread’.



    I therefore encourage members of the public to continue feeding swans to help improve their chances of survival, especially through the winter.




    See: http://www.theswansanctuary.org.uk/cause/official-statement-bread-queens-swan-marker/



    Which I would consider fairly conclusive in the advice to absolutely avoid bread being incorrect. It seems likely that there are better things to feed the birds than bread (it is easy to buy special bird food, which my wife does), but that is not the same as saying that bread is bad.







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    edited 2 hours ago









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    answered 11 hours ago









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    • 3





      This answer (not yours - the original quote) seems to miss out on the bigger ecological impact of feeding swans. More waterfowl = more strain on decomposers, etc in order to keep the environment healthy. Feeding swans lead to negative impacts down the line, as there are now more swans occupying space, pooping, nesting, etc.

      – Adonalsium
      8 hours ago






    • 20





      @Adonalsium That aspect is not related to OP's question which is only concerned about the health effects on swans. Population control is a separate issue from such health concerns. If that was the compaign's goal it would advertise giving bread given their claim that this actually hurts the swan population and should thus help reduce it...

      – Frank Hopkins
      5 hours ago














    • 3





      This answer (not yours - the original quote) seems to miss out on the bigger ecological impact of feeding swans. More waterfowl = more strain on decomposers, etc in order to keep the environment healthy. Feeding swans lead to negative impacts down the line, as there are now more swans occupying space, pooping, nesting, etc.

      – Adonalsium
      8 hours ago






    • 20





      @Adonalsium That aspect is not related to OP's question which is only concerned about the health effects on swans. Population control is a separate issue from such health concerns. If that was the compaign's goal it would advertise giving bread given their claim that this actually hurts the swan population and should thus help reduce it...

      – Frank Hopkins
      5 hours ago








    3




    3





    This answer (not yours - the original quote) seems to miss out on the bigger ecological impact of feeding swans. More waterfowl = more strain on decomposers, etc in order to keep the environment healthy. Feeding swans lead to negative impacts down the line, as there are now more swans occupying space, pooping, nesting, etc.

    – Adonalsium
    8 hours ago





    This answer (not yours - the original quote) seems to miss out on the bigger ecological impact of feeding swans. More waterfowl = more strain on decomposers, etc in order to keep the environment healthy. Feeding swans lead to negative impacts down the line, as there are now more swans occupying space, pooping, nesting, etc.

    – Adonalsium
    8 hours ago




    20




    20





    @Adonalsium That aspect is not related to OP's question which is only concerned about the health effects on swans. Population control is a separate issue from such health concerns. If that was the compaign's goal it would advertise giving bread given their claim that this actually hurts the swan population and should thus help reduce it...

    – Frank Hopkins
    5 hours ago





    @Adonalsium That aspect is not related to OP's question which is only concerned about the health effects on swans. Population control is a separate issue from such health concerns. If that was the compaign's goal it would advertise giving bread given their claim that this actually hurts the swan population and should thus help reduce it...

    – Frank Hopkins
    5 hours ago











    34














    To address the feeding of ducks:



    Ducks Unlimited Canada has this to say:




    I’VE HEARD THAT FEEDING DUCKS BREAD IS BAD. WHAT SHOULD I FEED THEM?



    DUC does not recommend feeding ducks. It increases the chances of
    negative human/wildlife encounters and can make them dependent on
    people for food.




    The Canadian Wildlife Federation has a similar suggestion:




    Can I feed ducks bread?



    The short answer to this is no.



    Ducks naturally eat a nutrient-rich diet that may consist of insect
    larvae and other aquatic invertebrates, small fishes, amphibians, as
    well as seeds and aquatic plants. Bread and similar products such as
    chips, donuts, popcorn and crackers provide very little nutritional
    value.



    Ducks that are regularly fed bread can become malnourished, aggressive
    towards one another, may lose their foraging instincts and can lose
    their natural fear of people.



    Also, bread that isn’t eaten can result in nutrient build-up and
    increased algae growth.



    Feeding wild ducks is a practice CWF does not encourage. They may look
    cute, and a bit of bread might get them flocking towards you, but
    feeding them is doing more harm than good.




    So, at least over on this side of the pond, the experts seem to be recommending that humans don't feed anything at all to ducks.






    share|improve this answer



















    • 21





      I am not sure this is a good answer to the OP's question. Some of this answer also applies to lettuce, peas and sweetcorn which the ad is encouraging in place of bread.

      – James Jenkins
      10 hours ago






    • 21





      Keep in mind that this isn't the claim on the question. There, there is a claim that bread actively causes diseases on the birds. Your answer doesn't adress that at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago






    • 2





      @T.Sar this is more a fault of the question to rely too much on the image and fail to delimit the claim properly. We should go there and request OP to make an edit.

      – Mindwin
      9 hours ago






    • 4





      @Mindwin I don't see that way. There is an image that says X. OP asks if what is said in the image is true. This answer doesn't address the image at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago








    • 3





      @Mindwin The image is hosted by the stacks's exchange imgur. It is emmbedded on this site, not floating randomly on the internet.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago
















    34














    To address the feeding of ducks:



    Ducks Unlimited Canada has this to say:




    I’VE HEARD THAT FEEDING DUCKS BREAD IS BAD. WHAT SHOULD I FEED THEM?



    DUC does not recommend feeding ducks. It increases the chances of
    negative human/wildlife encounters and can make them dependent on
    people for food.




    The Canadian Wildlife Federation has a similar suggestion:




    Can I feed ducks bread?



    The short answer to this is no.



    Ducks naturally eat a nutrient-rich diet that may consist of insect
    larvae and other aquatic invertebrates, small fishes, amphibians, as
    well as seeds and aquatic plants. Bread and similar products such as
    chips, donuts, popcorn and crackers provide very little nutritional
    value.



    Ducks that are regularly fed bread can become malnourished, aggressive
    towards one another, may lose their foraging instincts and can lose
    their natural fear of people.



    Also, bread that isn’t eaten can result in nutrient build-up and
    increased algae growth.



    Feeding wild ducks is a practice CWF does not encourage. They may look
    cute, and a bit of bread might get them flocking towards you, but
    feeding them is doing more harm than good.




    So, at least over on this side of the pond, the experts seem to be recommending that humans don't feed anything at all to ducks.






    share|improve this answer



















    • 21





      I am not sure this is a good answer to the OP's question. Some of this answer also applies to lettuce, peas and sweetcorn which the ad is encouraging in place of bread.

      – James Jenkins
      10 hours ago






    • 21





      Keep in mind that this isn't the claim on the question. There, there is a claim that bread actively causes diseases on the birds. Your answer doesn't adress that at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago






    • 2





      @T.Sar this is more a fault of the question to rely too much on the image and fail to delimit the claim properly. We should go there and request OP to make an edit.

      – Mindwin
      9 hours ago






    • 4





      @Mindwin I don't see that way. There is an image that says X. OP asks if what is said in the image is true. This answer doesn't address the image at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago








    • 3





      @Mindwin The image is hosted by the stacks's exchange imgur. It is emmbedded on this site, not floating randomly on the internet.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago














    34












    34








    34







    To address the feeding of ducks:



    Ducks Unlimited Canada has this to say:




    I’VE HEARD THAT FEEDING DUCKS BREAD IS BAD. WHAT SHOULD I FEED THEM?



    DUC does not recommend feeding ducks. It increases the chances of
    negative human/wildlife encounters and can make them dependent on
    people for food.




    The Canadian Wildlife Federation has a similar suggestion:




    Can I feed ducks bread?



    The short answer to this is no.



    Ducks naturally eat a nutrient-rich diet that may consist of insect
    larvae and other aquatic invertebrates, small fishes, amphibians, as
    well as seeds and aquatic plants. Bread and similar products such as
    chips, donuts, popcorn and crackers provide very little nutritional
    value.



    Ducks that are regularly fed bread can become malnourished, aggressive
    towards one another, may lose their foraging instincts and can lose
    their natural fear of people.



    Also, bread that isn’t eaten can result in nutrient build-up and
    increased algae growth.



    Feeding wild ducks is a practice CWF does not encourage. They may look
    cute, and a bit of bread might get them flocking towards you, but
    feeding them is doing more harm than good.




    So, at least over on this side of the pond, the experts seem to be recommending that humans don't feed anything at all to ducks.






    share|improve this answer













    To address the feeding of ducks:



    Ducks Unlimited Canada has this to say:




    I’VE HEARD THAT FEEDING DUCKS BREAD IS BAD. WHAT SHOULD I FEED THEM?



    DUC does not recommend feeding ducks. It increases the chances of
    negative human/wildlife encounters and can make them dependent on
    people for food.




    The Canadian Wildlife Federation has a similar suggestion:




    Can I feed ducks bread?



    The short answer to this is no.



    Ducks naturally eat a nutrient-rich diet that may consist of insect
    larvae and other aquatic invertebrates, small fishes, amphibians, as
    well as seeds and aquatic plants. Bread and similar products such as
    chips, donuts, popcorn and crackers provide very little nutritional
    value.



    Ducks that are regularly fed bread can become malnourished, aggressive
    towards one another, may lose their foraging instincts and can lose
    their natural fear of people.



    Also, bread that isn’t eaten can result in nutrient build-up and
    increased algae growth.



    Feeding wild ducks is a practice CWF does not encourage. They may look
    cute, and a bit of bread might get them flocking towards you, but
    feeding them is doing more harm than good.




    So, at least over on this side of the pond, the experts seem to be recommending that humans don't feed anything at all to ducks.







    share|improve this answer












    share|improve this answer



    share|improve this answer










    answered 11 hours ago









    RogerRoger

    1,460421




    1,460421








    • 21





      I am not sure this is a good answer to the OP's question. Some of this answer also applies to lettuce, peas and sweetcorn which the ad is encouraging in place of bread.

      – James Jenkins
      10 hours ago






    • 21





      Keep in mind that this isn't the claim on the question. There, there is a claim that bread actively causes diseases on the birds. Your answer doesn't adress that at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago






    • 2





      @T.Sar this is more a fault of the question to rely too much on the image and fail to delimit the claim properly. We should go there and request OP to make an edit.

      – Mindwin
      9 hours ago






    • 4





      @Mindwin I don't see that way. There is an image that says X. OP asks if what is said in the image is true. This answer doesn't address the image at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago








    • 3





      @Mindwin The image is hosted by the stacks's exchange imgur. It is emmbedded on this site, not floating randomly on the internet.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago














    • 21





      I am not sure this is a good answer to the OP's question. Some of this answer also applies to lettuce, peas and sweetcorn which the ad is encouraging in place of bread.

      – James Jenkins
      10 hours ago






    • 21





      Keep in mind that this isn't the claim on the question. There, there is a claim that bread actively causes diseases on the birds. Your answer doesn't adress that at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago






    • 2





      @T.Sar this is more a fault of the question to rely too much on the image and fail to delimit the claim properly. We should go there and request OP to make an edit.

      – Mindwin
      9 hours ago






    • 4





      @Mindwin I don't see that way. There is an image that says X. OP asks if what is said in the image is true. This answer doesn't address the image at all.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago








    • 3





      @Mindwin The image is hosted by the stacks's exchange imgur. It is emmbedded on this site, not floating randomly on the internet.

      – T. Sar
      9 hours ago








    21




    21





    I am not sure this is a good answer to the OP's question. Some of this answer also applies to lettuce, peas and sweetcorn which the ad is encouraging in place of bread.

    – James Jenkins
    10 hours ago





    I am not sure this is a good answer to the OP's question. Some of this answer also applies to lettuce, peas and sweetcorn which the ad is encouraging in place of bread.

    – James Jenkins
    10 hours ago




    21




    21





    Keep in mind that this isn't the claim on the question. There, there is a claim that bread actively causes diseases on the birds. Your answer doesn't adress that at all.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago





    Keep in mind that this isn't the claim on the question. There, there is a claim that bread actively causes diseases on the birds. Your answer doesn't adress that at all.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago




    2




    2





    @T.Sar this is more a fault of the question to rely too much on the image and fail to delimit the claim properly. We should go there and request OP to make an edit.

    – Mindwin
    9 hours ago





    @T.Sar this is more a fault of the question to rely too much on the image and fail to delimit the claim properly. We should go there and request OP to make an edit.

    – Mindwin
    9 hours ago




    4




    4





    @Mindwin I don't see that way. There is an image that says X. OP asks if what is said in the image is true. This answer doesn't address the image at all.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago







    @Mindwin I don't see that way. There is an image that says X. OP asks if what is said in the image is true. This answer doesn't address the image at all.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago






    3




    3





    @Mindwin The image is hosted by the stacks's exchange imgur. It is emmbedded on this site, not floating randomly on the internet.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago





    @Mindwin The image is hosted by the stacks's exchange imgur. It is emmbedded on this site, not floating randomly on the internet.

    – T. Sar
    9 hours ago











    22














    tl;dr- I haven't been able to actual evidence of the claim that consuming bread causes angel wing in ducks, and an expert claims that there isn't any.





    Apparently the main claim against feeding ducks bread is that it gives them angel wing. However, I'm not immediately finding any evidence for this on Google; most results appear to be unreferenced political advocacy.



    A few sources seem to suggest that this claim came from "Geese Peace". Google turned up this from their website:




    No feeding Program



    Recreational feeding of Canada geese at GeesePeace program sites should not be permitted.




    • When geese are fed they approach people who may be afraid of them.


    • Feeding goslings may cause “angel wing” which is a deformity of the wing caused by rapid growth of feathers as result of a high protein diet (bread, corn)


    • Feeding geese causes the geese to congregate in the feeding area which then increases the geese nuisance level in that area and causes geese to become aggressive as they fight over the food.


    • Feeding bread, corn or other “treats” may keep them from going on a molt migration.



    –"No Feeding Program", Geese Peace




    However, as with other sources, I'm not seeing any references to a study to back up this claim – it's just stated as though it were established fact.



    Chris Perrins, who seems to be an expert on the topic (and has been dubbed "Warden of the Swans"), claimed that there isn't any evidence:




    Zoology professor Christopher Perrins said there was no evidence of a connection between bread and angel-wing, and some cygnets developed the condition ‘without ever having seen any bread’.



    –"Swan rescuer says bread warning is 'fake news'" (2019-04-09)




    Likewise, a recent blog post (2018-12-19) claims that there's no study or paper to be found:




    Whilst doing a bit of research around this contentious topic, it became quickly apparent that there is no study or paper to find, which conclusively proves that feeding bread to waterfowl is the sole cause for the development of angel wing deformities. Despite this fact, most wildlife and waterfowl experts seem to agree that the overwhelming cause of angel wing is an unhealthily high protein and / or carbohydrate based diet. Unsurprisingly, it was not difficult to find plenty of advice and warnings suggesting not to feed bread to birds, and in particular not to waterfowl. However, with all the advice being provided, no scientific references were given, which would certainly help to clarify and understand the situation.



    –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




    They do their own analysis (with references), and conclude:




    So What Is The Conclusion?



    There is no definite answer or absolute truth. As with any diet, it is important to feed a balanced diet and to feed in a responsible way. This means that neither bread, swan pellets or any other high energy food like chicken crumbs should be exclusively fed to waterfowl, in particular not during their first four weeks of life. However, it also means that bread and swan pellets can form part of a balanced diet, when fed responsibly, in addition to wheat, cereals, grains, leafy greens and dried grass. Birds should always only be fed on the water and only small amounts should be given to make sure that all food has been eaten before giving more. Mouldy food should never be given.



    –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




    So:




    1. I'm having trouble finding any scientific resources that back up this claim.


    2. Claimants don't seem to be providing their own references.


    3. An expert claims that there isn't any evidence.



    It's hard to guess where this claim may've originally come from, but it doesn't seem to be backed up by a scientific study.






    share|improve this answer






























      22














      tl;dr- I haven't been able to actual evidence of the claim that consuming bread causes angel wing in ducks, and an expert claims that there isn't any.





      Apparently the main claim against feeding ducks bread is that it gives them angel wing. However, I'm not immediately finding any evidence for this on Google; most results appear to be unreferenced political advocacy.



      A few sources seem to suggest that this claim came from "Geese Peace". Google turned up this from their website:




      No feeding Program



      Recreational feeding of Canada geese at GeesePeace program sites should not be permitted.




      • When geese are fed they approach people who may be afraid of them.


      • Feeding goslings may cause “angel wing” which is a deformity of the wing caused by rapid growth of feathers as result of a high protein diet (bread, corn)


      • Feeding geese causes the geese to congregate in the feeding area which then increases the geese nuisance level in that area and causes geese to become aggressive as they fight over the food.


      • Feeding bread, corn or other “treats” may keep them from going on a molt migration.



      –"No Feeding Program", Geese Peace




      However, as with other sources, I'm not seeing any references to a study to back up this claim – it's just stated as though it were established fact.



      Chris Perrins, who seems to be an expert on the topic (and has been dubbed "Warden of the Swans"), claimed that there isn't any evidence:




      Zoology professor Christopher Perrins said there was no evidence of a connection between bread and angel-wing, and some cygnets developed the condition ‘without ever having seen any bread’.



      –"Swan rescuer says bread warning is 'fake news'" (2019-04-09)




      Likewise, a recent blog post (2018-12-19) claims that there's no study or paper to be found:




      Whilst doing a bit of research around this contentious topic, it became quickly apparent that there is no study or paper to find, which conclusively proves that feeding bread to waterfowl is the sole cause for the development of angel wing deformities. Despite this fact, most wildlife and waterfowl experts seem to agree that the overwhelming cause of angel wing is an unhealthily high protein and / or carbohydrate based diet. Unsurprisingly, it was not difficult to find plenty of advice and warnings suggesting not to feed bread to birds, and in particular not to waterfowl. However, with all the advice being provided, no scientific references were given, which would certainly help to clarify and understand the situation.



      –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




      They do their own analysis (with references), and conclude:




      So What Is The Conclusion?



      There is no definite answer or absolute truth. As with any diet, it is important to feed a balanced diet and to feed in a responsible way. This means that neither bread, swan pellets or any other high energy food like chicken crumbs should be exclusively fed to waterfowl, in particular not during their first four weeks of life. However, it also means that bread and swan pellets can form part of a balanced diet, when fed responsibly, in addition to wheat, cereals, grains, leafy greens and dried grass. Birds should always only be fed on the water and only small amounts should be given to make sure that all food has been eaten before giving more. Mouldy food should never be given.



      –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




      So:




      1. I'm having trouble finding any scientific resources that back up this claim.


      2. Claimants don't seem to be providing their own references.


      3. An expert claims that there isn't any evidence.



      It's hard to guess where this claim may've originally come from, but it doesn't seem to be backed up by a scientific study.






      share|improve this answer




























        22












        22








        22







        tl;dr- I haven't been able to actual evidence of the claim that consuming bread causes angel wing in ducks, and an expert claims that there isn't any.





        Apparently the main claim against feeding ducks bread is that it gives them angel wing. However, I'm not immediately finding any evidence for this on Google; most results appear to be unreferenced political advocacy.



        A few sources seem to suggest that this claim came from "Geese Peace". Google turned up this from their website:




        No feeding Program



        Recreational feeding of Canada geese at GeesePeace program sites should not be permitted.




        • When geese are fed they approach people who may be afraid of them.


        • Feeding goslings may cause “angel wing” which is a deformity of the wing caused by rapid growth of feathers as result of a high protein diet (bread, corn)


        • Feeding geese causes the geese to congregate in the feeding area which then increases the geese nuisance level in that area and causes geese to become aggressive as they fight over the food.


        • Feeding bread, corn or other “treats” may keep them from going on a molt migration.



        –"No Feeding Program", Geese Peace




        However, as with other sources, I'm not seeing any references to a study to back up this claim – it's just stated as though it were established fact.



        Chris Perrins, who seems to be an expert on the topic (and has been dubbed "Warden of the Swans"), claimed that there isn't any evidence:




        Zoology professor Christopher Perrins said there was no evidence of a connection between bread and angel-wing, and some cygnets developed the condition ‘without ever having seen any bread’.



        –"Swan rescuer says bread warning is 'fake news'" (2019-04-09)




        Likewise, a recent blog post (2018-12-19) claims that there's no study or paper to be found:




        Whilst doing a bit of research around this contentious topic, it became quickly apparent that there is no study or paper to find, which conclusively proves that feeding bread to waterfowl is the sole cause for the development of angel wing deformities. Despite this fact, most wildlife and waterfowl experts seem to agree that the overwhelming cause of angel wing is an unhealthily high protein and / or carbohydrate based diet. Unsurprisingly, it was not difficult to find plenty of advice and warnings suggesting not to feed bread to birds, and in particular not to waterfowl. However, with all the advice being provided, no scientific references were given, which would certainly help to clarify and understand the situation.



        –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




        They do their own analysis (with references), and conclude:




        So What Is The Conclusion?



        There is no definite answer or absolute truth. As with any diet, it is important to feed a balanced diet and to feed in a responsible way. This means that neither bread, swan pellets or any other high energy food like chicken crumbs should be exclusively fed to waterfowl, in particular not during their first four weeks of life. However, it also means that bread and swan pellets can form part of a balanced diet, when fed responsibly, in addition to wheat, cereals, grains, leafy greens and dried grass. Birds should always only be fed on the water and only small amounts should be given to make sure that all food has been eaten before giving more. Mouldy food should never be given.



        –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




        So:




        1. I'm having trouble finding any scientific resources that back up this claim.


        2. Claimants don't seem to be providing their own references.


        3. An expert claims that there isn't any evidence.



        It's hard to guess where this claim may've originally come from, but it doesn't seem to be backed up by a scientific study.






        share|improve this answer















        tl;dr- I haven't been able to actual evidence of the claim that consuming bread causes angel wing in ducks, and an expert claims that there isn't any.





        Apparently the main claim against feeding ducks bread is that it gives them angel wing. However, I'm not immediately finding any evidence for this on Google; most results appear to be unreferenced political advocacy.



        A few sources seem to suggest that this claim came from "Geese Peace". Google turned up this from their website:




        No feeding Program



        Recreational feeding of Canada geese at GeesePeace program sites should not be permitted.




        • When geese are fed they approach people who may be afraid of them.


        • Feeding goslings may cause “angel wing” which is a deformity of the wing caused by rapid growth of feathers as result of a high protein diet (bread, corn)


        • Feeding geese causes the geese to congregate in the feeding area which then increases the geese nuisance level in that area and causes geese to become aggressive as they fight over the food.


        • Feeding bread, corn or other “treats” may keep them from going on a molt migration.



        –"No Feeding Program", Geese Peace




        However, as with other sources, I'm not seeing any references to a study to back up this claim – it's just stated as though it were established fact.



        Chris Perrins, who seems to be an expert on the topic (and has been dubbed "Warden of the Swans"), claimed that there isn't any evidence:




        Zoology professor Christopher Perrins said there was no evidence of a connection between bread and angel-wing, and some cygnets developed the condition ‘without ever having seen any bread’.



        –"Swan rescuer says bread warning is 'fake news'" (2019-04-09)




        Likewise, a recent blog post (2018-12-19) claims that there's no study or paper to be found:




        Whilst doing a bit of research around this contentious topic, it became quickly apparent that there is no study or paper to find, which conclusively proves that feeding bread to waterfowl is the sole cause for the development of angel wing deformities. Despite this fact, most wildlife and waterfowl experts seem to agree that the overwhelming cause of angel wing is an unhealthily high protein and / or carbohydrate based diet. Unsurprisingly, it was not difficult to find plenty of advice and warnings suggesting not to feed bread to birds, and in particular not to waterfowl. However, with all the advice being provided, no scientific references were given, which would certainly help to clarify and understand the situation.



        –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




        They do their own analysis (with references), and conclude:




        So What Is The Conclusion?



        There is no definite answer or absolute truth. As with any diet, it is important to feed a balanced diet and to feed in a responsible way. This means that neither bread, swan pellets or any other high energy food like chicken crumbs should be exclusively fed to waterfowl, in particular not during their first four weeks of life. However, it also means that bread and swan pellets can form part of a balanced diet, when fed responsibly, in addition to wheat, cereals, grains, leafy greens and dried grass. Birds should always only be fed on the water and only small amounts should be given to make sure that all food has been eaten before giving more. Mouldy food should never be given.



        –"Thoughts About Bread And Angel Wing Deformities" (2018-12-19)




        So:




        1. I'm having trouble finding any scientific resources that back up this claim.


        2. Claimants don't seem to be providing their own references.


        3. An expert claims that there isn't any evidence.



        It's hard to guess where this claim may've originally come from, but it doesn't seem to be backed up by a scientific study.







        share|improve this answer














        share|improve this answer



        share|improve this answer








        edited 8 hours ago

























        answered 9 hours ago









        NatNat

        3,14311534




        3,14311534















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            Старые Смолеговицы Содержание История | География | Демография | Достопримечательности | Примечания | НавигацияHGЯOLHGЯOL41 206 832 01641 606 406 141Административно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области«Переписная оброчная книга Водской пятины 1500 года», С. 793«Карта Ингерманландии: Ивангорода, Яма, Копорья, Нотеборга», по материалам 1676 г.«Генеральная карта провинции Ингерманландии» Э. Белинга и А. Андерсина, 1704 г., составлена по материалам 1678 г.«Географический чертёж над Ижорскою землей со своими городами» Адриана Шонбека 1705 г.Новая и достоверная всей Ингерманландии ланткарта. Грав. А. Ростовцев. СПб., 1727 г.Топографическая карта Санкт-Петербургской губернии. 5-и верстка. Шуберт. 1834 г.Описание Санкт-Петербургской губернии по уездам и станамСпецкарта западной части России Ф. Ф. Шуберта. 1844 г.Алфавитный список селений по уездам и станам С.-Петербургской губернииСписки населённых мест Российской Империи, составленные и издаваемые центральным статистическим комитетом министерства внутренних дел. XXXVII. Санкт-Петербургская губерния. По состоянию на 1862 год. СПб. 1864. С. 203Материалы по статистике народного хозяйства в С.-Петербургской губернии. Вып. IX. Частновладельческое хозяйство в Ямбургском уезде. СПб, 1888, С. 146, С. 2, 7, 54Положение о гербе муниципального образования Курское сельское поселениеСправочник истории административно-территориального деления Ленинградской области.Топографическая карта Ленинградской области, квадрат О-35-23-В (Хотыницы), 1930 г.АрхивированоАдминистративно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. — Л., 1933, С. 27, 198АрхивированоАдминистративно-экономический справочник по Ленинградской области. — Л., 1936, с. 219АрхивированоАдминистративно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. — Л., 1966, с. 175АрхивированоАдминистративно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. — Лениздат, 1973, С. 180АрхивированоАдминистративно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. — Лениздат, 1990, ISBN 5-289-00612-5, С. 38АрхивированоАдминистративно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. — СПб., 2007, с. 60АрхивированоКоряков Юрий База данных «Этно-языковой состав населённых пунктов России». Ленинградская область.Административно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. — СПб, 1997, ISBN 5-86153-055-6, С. 41АрхивированоКультовый комплекс Старые Смолеговицы // Электронная энциклопедия ЭрмитажаПроблемы выявления, изучения и сохранения культовых комплексов с каменными крестами: по материалам работ 2016-2017 гг. в Ленинградской области